Harmful effects of water logging and salinity Harmful effects of waterlogging and salinity are caused by unthoughtful planning of irrigation system. With respect to water logging and salinity, there are following harmful effects:

Definition of salinity When the water table is close to the surface, and the water rises to or very close to the ground surface, evaporates

Definition of waterlogging When the water table rises to such heights that the soil pores in the root zone become saturated, thus displacing the air, the land is said to be water logged.

Definition of irrigation outlet or Mogha or Turn out An irrigation outlet or Mogha in Pakistan or turn out in USA or other countries, is a hydraulic structure conveying irrigation water from a state-owned distributory or a minor to a privately owned water course.

Selection of suitable site for the canal falls For main and branch canals, which do not directly irrigate the fields, the site is determined on the basis of economy in earth works. The excavated earth is used to make banks. This depth of excavation is known as

Canal fall structure may be defined as : Canal fall structure

Classification of Canals based on discharge of canal Classification of canals on the basis of discharge are as follows: Main canal. Branch canal. Distributory canal. Minor canal. Water courses/Feeder channels.

Classification of canals based on the function of canal Classification of canals on the basis of their functions are given below: Irrigation canal. Navigation canal. Power canal. Carrier canal. Link canal. Feeder canal.

Classification of canals based on the nature of source of supply & Inundation canal Based on the nature of supply, there are following types of canals. Perennial canal/Permanent canal. Non-perennial canal. Inundation canal/rainy canal.

Definition of canal It is an artificial channel constructed on the ground to carry water to the field either from a reservoir, tank